{"id":1659,"date":"2026-10-27T15:25:24","date_gmt":"2026-10-27T14:25:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bitsolto.com\/bitacora\/?p=1659"},"modified":"2026-10-27T15:25:24","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T14:25:24","slug":"hacking-etico-en-windows","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bitsolto.com\/bitacora\/seguridad\/hacking-etico-en-windows\/","title":{"rendered":"Hacking \u00e9tico en Windows"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Montar un laboratorio de <em>hacking \u00e9tico<\/em> en Windows \u00e9 totalmente viable e non require unha inversi\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica elevada. A clave est\u00e1 en combinar <strong>virtualizaci\u00f3n<\/strong> (para crear unha contorna illada, segura e <strong>repetible<\/strong>), xunto coas <strong>ferramentas axeitadas<\/strong>. Aqu\u00ed tes unha gu\u00eda paso a paso, dende os cimentos ata as pr\u00e1cticas m\u00e1is avanzadas.<\/p>\n<h3>\u2696\ufe0f Paso 0: Principios \u00e9ticos e legais (o primeiro!)<\/h3>\n<p>Antes de instalar nada, ten claro que este laboratorio debe estar destinado ao <strong>uso educativo e en sistemas propios, ou en contornas con autorizaci\u00f3n expresa<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>[!WARNING]<\/p>\n<p><span style='color: #f00;'><strong>Practicar t\u00e9cnicas de hacking contra sistemas alleos, sen autorizaci\u00f3n expl\u00edcita, \u00e9 ilegal e pode conlevar problemas legais.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Todo o tr\u00e1fico das pr\u00e1cticas debe quedar <strong>confinado dentro do laboratorio<\/strong> &#8211; con m\u00e1quinas virtuais ou contedores-, sen que o tr\u00e1fico &quot;se escape&quot; \u00e1 t\u00faa rede dom\u00e9stica ou a Internet.<\/p>\n<h3>\ud83d\udcbb Paso 1: Preparando o hardware e o software base<\/h3>\n<p>No necesitas un equipo de gama alta para empezar, pero s\u00ed unos m\u00ednimos para que todo fl\u00faa.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hardware m\u00ednimo<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Un <strong>procesador de 4 n\u00facleos con virtualizaci\u00f3n habilitada<\/strong> no firmware\/UEFI (VT-x en Intel\/AMD-V en AMD)<\/li>\n<li><strong>16GB de RAM<\/strong> \u00e9 o recomendable. A\u00ednda que con 8GB poder\u00edas empezar, vas ir moi xusto se queres ter varias m\u00e1quinas \u00e1 vez &#8211; maquina atacante\/m\u00e1quina v\u00edtima, simular unha pequena rede,&#8230;-.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Espazo en disco<\/strong>: idealmente un SSD e con bastante espazo, xa que as m\u00e1quinas virtuais ocupan moito.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hipervisor (o coraz\u00f3n do laboratorio)<\/strong>: \u00c9 o software que che permite crear e xestionar m\u00e1quinas virtuais (VMs). Tes varias opci\u00f3ns gratu\u00edtas:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>VirtualBox<\/strong>: Unha opci\u00f3n libre, gratu\u00edta e moi popular, ideal para empezar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>VMware Workstation Pro<\/strong>: Considerado por moitos o est\u00e1ndar da industria polo seu rendemento. \u00c9 <strong>gratu\u00edto para uso persoal<\/strong> desde fai tempo, o que o convirte nunha excelente opci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hyper-V<\/strong>: Xa ven integrado nas versi\u00f3ns Pro de Windows. \u00c9 unha alternativa nativa e eficiente, especialmente si planeas montar un laboratorio de <em>Active Directory<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\ud83c\udf10 Paso 2: Configurar unha rede illada (o paso m\u00e1is cr\u00edtico)<\/h3>\n<p>Este \u00e9 o punto que garante que o teu laboratorio sexa seguro. Non uses a configuraci\u00f3n de rede por defecto (NAT ou Bridge) para as t\u00faas m\u00e1quinas de pr\u00e1cticas, xa que poder\u00edan ter acceso \u00e1 t\u00faa rede real.<\/p>\n<p>A soluci\u00f3n \u00e9 crear unha <strong>rede interna ou &quot;Host-Only&quot;<\/strong>. Nesta configuraci\u00f3n, as m\u00e1quinas virtuais s\u00f3 poden comunicarse entre elas e co teu equipo anfitri\u00f3n, pero <strong>non te\u00f1en sa\u00edda a Internet<\/strong>, mantendo todo o tr\u00e1fico de probas contido.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>En VirtualBox<\/strong>: Vai a `<code>File<\/code> \u2192 <code>Host Network Manager<\/code> e crea unha nova rede (ej. <code>vboxnet0<\/code>). Logo, na configuraci\u00f3n de rede de cada VM, selecciona &quot;<code>Host-only<\/code>&quot; e elixe esa rede.<\/li>\n<li><strong>En VMware<\/strong>: Podes usar o &quot;<code>Virtual Network Editor<\/code>&quot; para crear unha rede &quot;<code>Host-only<\/code>&quot; personalizada (ej. <code>VMnet1<\/code>) e asignarlla \u00e1s t\u00faas VMs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\ud83c\udfaf Paso 3: Desprega as m\u00e1quinas virtuais clave<\/h3>\n<p>Co hipervisor e a rede listos, \u00e9 o momento de crear as VMs. A estrutura cl\u00e1sica \u00e9 <strong>unha m\u00e1quina atacante e unha ou varias m\u00e1quinas obxectivo<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. A m\u00e1quina atacante: Kali Linux<\/strong><br \/>\nKali Linux \u00e9 a distribuci\u00f3n de referencia para pentesting, con m\u00e1is de 600 ferramentas preinstaladas. A forma m\u00e1is sinxela de tela \u00e9 descargar a <strong>imaxe OVA<\/strong> desde a s\u00faa web oficial e importala directamente no teu hipervisor (VirtualBox ou VMware).<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. As m\u00e1quinas obxectivo (<em>vulnerables a prop\u00f3sito<\/em>)<\/strong><br \/>\nAqu\u00ed tes un abanico de opci\u00f3ns, dende cl\u00e1sicas ata modernas:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Metasploitable 2\/3<\/strong>: A opci\u00f3n cl\u00e1sica para principiantes. Unha VM Linux chea de vulnerabilidades co\u00f1ecidas, perfecta para aprender os fundamentos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>OWASP Juice Shop<\/strong>: Unha aplicaci\u00f3n web moderna, deliberadamente vulnerable, ideal para practicar seguridade web (SQLi, XSS, etc.).<\/li>\n<li><strong>GOAD (Game of Active Directory)<\/strong>: Unha entorna completa e vulnerable de <em>Active Directory<\/em>. \u00c9 m\u00e1is avanzado e require m\u00e1is recursos, pero \u00e9 excelente para practicar ataques a directorios activos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Windows 10\/11 de avaliaci\u00f3n<\/strong>: Podes descargar unha ISO de avaliaci\u00f3n de Microsoft e instalala como VM para practicar t\u00e9cnicas de escalada de privilexios en Windows.<\/li>\n<li>A pouco que te vaias interesando polo tema veras que existen centos de m\u00e1quinas expresamente preparadas para experimentar todo tipo de ataques e explotar as s\u00faas vulnerabilidades.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\ud83d\udc8e Notas sobre a filosof\u00eda do laboratorio<\/h3>\n<p>A grande vantaxe deste enfoque \u00e9 a <strong><em>desbotabilidade<\/em><\/strong>. Se un contedor de pr\u00e1cticas queda comprometido ou simplemente se &quot;rompe&quot;, non hai problema: elim\u00ednao (<code>podman rm<\/code>) e volve crear un novo a partir da imaxe base en segundos. O teu sistema anfitri\u00f3n permanece intacto. Isto \u00e9 precisamente o que buscas nun laboratorio de seguridade.<\/p>\n<h3>\ud83e\uddf0 Paso 4: Complementa con ferramentas nativas de Windows<\/h3>\n<p>A\u00ednda que Kali dentro dunha VM ou en WSL2 \u00e9 a t\u00faa navalla su\u00edza, Windows tam\u00e9n ten ferramentas nativas moi potentes que vale a pena instalar no teu sistema anfitri\u00f3n (ou nunha VM de Windows se o prefires):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Burp Suite (Community)<\/strong>: O proxy de interceptaci\u00f3n web por excelencia para auditar aplicaci\u00f3ns.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nmap\/Zenmap<\/strong>: Para o descubrimento de redes e o escan\u00e9o de portos. Zenmap \u00e9 a s\u00faa interface gr\u00e1fica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wireshark<\/strong>: O analizador de tr\u00e1fico de rede m\u00e1is co\u00f1ecido, para inspeccionar paquetes a baixo nivel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ferramentas de <em>Active Directory<\/em><\/strong>: Se o teu obxectivo \u00e9 este eido, <strong>BloodHound<\/strong> (para mapear rutas de escalada de privilexgios) e <strong>Mimikatz<\/strong> (para o volcado de credenciais) son fundamentais e se executan de forma nativa en Windows.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Podes instalar moitas destas ferramentas de forma masiva e sinxela usando o xestor de paquetes de Windows, <code>winget<\/code>, con comandos como: <code>winget install --id Insecure.Nmap<\/code> ou <code>winget install --id WiresharkFoundation.Wireshark<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h3>\ud83d\udca1 Boas pr\u00e1cticas para o teu laboratorio<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Instant\u00e1neas (Snapshots)<\/strong>: <strong>Toma sempre unha instant\u00e1nea<\/strong> dunha VM xusto antes de empezar a &quot;hackeala&quot;. Se algo se rompe ou queres reiniciar o exercicio, poder\u00e1s volver a ese estado limpo en segundos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Documentaci\u00f3n<\/strong>: Leva un rexistro do que fas. Practicar a escritura dun breve &quot;informe&quot; despois de cada m\u00e1quina (vulnerabilidade atopada, exploit usado, soluci\u00f3n) \u00e9 unha habilidade tan importante como a t\u00e9cnica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Empeza simple e escala<\/strong>: Comeza cunha Kali e unha Metasploitable en rede <em>Host-Only<\/em>. Cando domines iso, engade Juice Shop, unha Windows de avaliaci\u00f3n, e finalmente a contorna AD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Montar este laboratorio \u00e9 unha inversi\u00f3n de tempo que che proporcionar\u00e1 un espazo seguro e repetible para aprender e practicar sen riscos (<em>a\u00ednda que xa deber\u00edas saber que o risco cero non existe!<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>\u26a1 Alternativa lixeira: Kali en WSL2 + Podman<\/h2>\n<p>Se o teu equipo ten recursos limitados ou prefires non usar VMs completas, podes montar un laboratorio moi funcional usando <strong>WSL2 (Subsistema de Windows para Linux)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>O obxectivo \u00e9 ter un contedor de Kali Linux funcionando nunha rede illada, listo para as pr\u00e1cticas.<\/p>\n<h3>Paso 1: Preparar o terreo (WSL2)<\/h3>\n<p>Podman en Windows non corre de forma nativa; necesita unha m\u00e1quina virtual Linux. A forma m\u00e1is lixeira \u00e9 usar WSL2.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Abre <strong>PowerShell como administrador<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Instala WSL2 <strong>sen<\/strong> unha distribuci\u00f3n Linux predeterminada. Isto evita duplicar recursos, xa que Podman xestionar\u00e1 a s\u00faa propia m\u00e1quina:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">wsl --install --no-distribution<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Reinicia o equipo<\/strong> para que os cambios se apliquen.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Paso 2: Instalar Podman Desktop<\/h3>\n<p>A forma m\u00e1is sinxela de xestionar Podman e a s\u00faa m\u00e1quina virtual en Windows \u00e9 a trav\u00e9s da s\u00faa aplicaci\u00f3n de escritorio.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Descarga o instalador desde a web oficial de <a href=\"https:\/\/podman-desktop.io\/downloads\"><strong>Podman Desktop<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Executa o instalador e segue os pasos. Podes elixir instalalo para todos os usuarios ou s\u00f3 para o actual.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Paso 3: Crear e configurar a &quot;Podman machine&quot;<\/h3>\n<p>Ao iniciar Podman Desktop por primeira vez, este guiarache para crear a m\u00e1quina virtual que executar\u00e1 os contedores.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Punto clave (aforro de recursos)<\/strong>: No asistente de creaci\u00f3n, podes axustar os recursos (CPU, memoria, disco). Para un laboratorio lixeiro, podes asignarlle uns <strong>2 CPUs e 4 GB de RAM<\/strong>, que \u00e9 suficiente para un contedor de Kali.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Opci\u00f3n de rede<\/strong>: Se usas VPN ou tes problemas de conectividade, podes activar a opci\u00f3n <strong>&quot;User-mode networking&quot;<\/strong> (rede en modo usuario), que fai que o tr\u00e1fico se encami\u00f1e a trav\u00e9s do host.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Se prefires a li\u00f1a de comandos, podes crear a m\u00e1quina directamente co comando <code>podman machine init<\/code>. A documentaci\u00f3n oficial indica que, en Windows, o provedor por defecto \u00e9 <strong>WSL<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f Advertencia importante sobre <code>systemd<\/code><\/strong>: Un erro moi com\u00fan \u00e9 tentar activar <code>systemd<\/code> dentro da m\u00e1quina de WSL. <strong>Non o fagas<\/strong>. A documentaci\u00f3n de Podman e os propios mantenedores indican que <strong>Podman non \u00e9 compatible con <code>systemd<\/code> activado en WSL<\/strong> e que este debe estar desactivado para un funcionamento correcto.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>Paso 4: Obter e executar a imaxe de Kali Linux<\/h3>\n<p>Kali Linux ofrece imaxes oficiais de contedor. Podes descargala e executala dende a terminal integrada de Podman Desktop ou dende PowerShell.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Descarga a imaxe oficial<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">podman pull docker.io\/kalilinux\/kali-rolling<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Executa un contedor interactivo<\/strong>. O seguinte comando inicia un contedor de Kali, exp\u00f3n o porto 22 (SSH, se o necesitas) e mapea o porto 8080 do host ao 80 do contedor (\u00fatil para ferramentas web):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">podman run -it --name kali-lab -p 8080:80 docker.io\/kalilinux\/kali-rolling \/bin\/bash<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Unha vez dentro, podes actualizar e instalar as ferramentas que necesites (Metasploit, Nmap, etc.).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Paso 5: Configurar a rede illada do laboratorio<\/h3>\n<p>Aqu\u00ed est\u00e1 a diferenza crave con respecto a un laboratorio con VMs tradicionais. En Podman, o illamento l\u00f3grase mediante <strong>redes definidas polo usuario<\/strong> (redes <em>bridge<\/em> personalizadas).<\/p>\n<p>O modo de rede predeterminado para contedores <em>rootless<\/em> \u00e9 <strong><code>pasta<\/code><\/strong>, que ofrece unha conectividade eficiente pero, por defecto, illa o contedor da rede local. Para que os teus contedores (por exemplo, Kali e Metasploitable2) se comuniquen entre si pero non co exterior, debes crear unha rede dedicada.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Crea unha rede illada<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">podman network create --subnet 10.89.0.0\/24 lab-net<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Conecta os contedores a esa rede<\/strong>. Ao executar un contedor, usa a opci\u00f3n <code>--network<\/code> para unilo \u00e1 rede que creaches:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">podman run -it --name kali-lab --network lab-net docker.io\/kalilinux\/kali-rolling \/bin\/bash<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Fai o mesmo cos obxectivos<\/strong>. Por exemplo, para un contedor de Metasploitable2:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">podman run -d --name metasploitable --network lab-net <imaxe_de_metasploitable><\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Desta forma, <code>kali-lab<\/code> e <code>metasploitable<\/code> poder\u00e1n resolverse por nome e comunicarse dentro da rede <code>10.89.0.0\/24<\/code>, pero o tr\u00e1fico non sair\u00e1 cara \u00e1 t\u00faa rede dom\u00e9stica.<\/p>\n<h3>\ud83e\uddf0 Soluci\u00f3n de problemas com\u00fans (e esperados)<\/h3>\n<p>Como vimos, a integraci\u00f3n de Podman con WSL2 ten alg\u00fan pequeno atranco (&quot;papercut&quot;). Aqu\u00ed tes os m\u00e1is habituais e como resolvelos:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Erro de <code>cgroups v2<\/code><\/strong>: Se ao executar <code>podman stats<\/code> ves un erro relacionado con <code>cgroups<\/code>, tes que forzar a v2. Crea ou edita o arquivo <code>%UserProfile%\\.wslconfig<\/code> e engade:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-ini\">[wsl2]\nkernelCommandLine = cgroup_no_v1=all<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Despois, executa <code>wsl --shutdown<\/code> e reinicia Podman.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Advertencia de &quot;shared mount&quot;<\/strong>: Se ves un aviso de que <code>\/<\/code> non \u00e9 unha montaxe compartida, podes executar estes comandos dentro da t\u00faa sesi\u00f3n de WSL (non persistir\u00e1 tras un reinicio, pero serve como soluci\u00f3n temporal):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-shell\">sudo mount -o remount,shared \/\npodman system reset<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Problemas de permisos con contedores *rootless*<\/strong>: Se atopas erros de permisos ao crear arquivos, podes engadir a opci\u00f3n <code>--userns=keep-id<\/code> ao comando <code>podman run<\/code> para mapear o teu usuario do host co do contedor.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p>[!TIP]<\/p>\n<p>Para un laboratorio de seguridade web, a opci\u00f3n profesionalmente m\u00e1is s\u00f3lida \u00e9 unha <strong>m\u00e1quina virtual completa<\/strong> (Hyper-V, que xa tes en Windows Pro, ou VirtualBox) cunha distribuci\u00f3n Linux lixeira (Kali, Debian, Ubuntu Server). Dentro desa VM, podes executar Podman con redes <code>--internal<\/code> para os escenarios con m\u00faltiples contedores. A vantaxe \u00e9 que a VM ten <strong>kernel e hardware virtual independentes<\/strong>, polo que unha escalada desde un contedor queda contida dentro da VM, e non toca o teu Windows nin o teu WSL2 de desenvolvemento.<\/p>\n<p>O fluxo de traballo ser\u00eda:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>VM anfitrioa do laboratorio<\/strong>: unha VM Linux dedicada, con Podman instalado.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Contedores de pr\u00e1ctica dentro da VM<\/strong>: Kali, aplicaci\u00f3ns vulnerables, etc., conectados a unha rede <code>--internal<\/code> de Podman.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Illamento total<\/strong>: a VM non comparte cartafoles con Windows, non ten acceso \u00e1 t\u00faa rede dom\u00e9stica (configuraci\u00f3n de rede <em>host-only<\/em> ou <em>internal<\/em> no hipervisor), e podes tomar instant\u00e1neas (snapshots) para revertir a un estado limpo tras cada pr\u00e1ctica.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Montar un laboratorio de hacking \u00e9tico en Windows \u00e9 totalmente viable e non require unha inversi\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica elevada. A clave est\u00e1 en combinar virtualizaci\u00f3n (para crear unha contorna illada, segura e repetible), xunto coas ferramentas axeitadas. 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